• indonesia ensure sustainable palm oil press machine trade in Nigeria
  • indonesia ensure sustainable palm oil press machine trade in Nigeria
  • indonesia ensure sustainable palm oil press machine trade in Nigeria
  • indonesia ensure sustainable palm oil press machine trade in Nigeria
  • How to promote sustainable oil palm production in Indonesia?
  • Sustainable oil palm production in Indonesia could be promoted by raising productivity via intensification and technological progresses, enforcing current policies and regulations and extending them to secondary forest and peatland, facilitating infrastructure development, and providing economic incentives.
  • How does land-use change affect oil palm production in Indonesia?
  • Indonesia faces tough challenges to balance oil palm production with the growing commitment to protect tropical forest and peatland. This research offered a comprehensive assessment of the local responses in land-use changes and the associated environmental impacts in Indonesia to the dynamics on the global market of oil palm products.
  • Do international restrictions on oil palm production affect export demand?
  • The evidence presented in this paper reveals that international restrictions on the trade of oil palm produced in Indonesia have limited effects on export demand for oil palm products from the country, therefore, domestic initiatives are essential to promote more environment-friendly oil palm production.
  • Which countries import oil palm products from Indonesia?
  • Meanwhile, China, as well as other emerging economies in Rest of Asia (e.g. Pakistan, Bangladeshi), Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. South Africa), and Middle East & North Africa (e.g. Egypt), became new major markets for oil palm exports from Indonesia. We identified the top 30 importers of Indonesian oil palm products (first row in Table S6).
  • Why is Indonesian oil palm demand rising?
  • Therefore, the trend of rising demand for oil palm products from Indonesia is expected to continue even if there are growing movements boycotting Indonesian oil palm products due to concerns about the threats to environmental conservation.
  • Does joining the WTO increase oil palm exports from Indonesia?
  • Numerically speaking, when the time effects are addressed, an increase of 1% in population and GDP per capita of the importer country promises an increase in exports of oil palm products from Indonesia by 0.15%–0.72% and 0.62%–1.54%, respectively. Joining WTO boosted the trade flow by 75%–82%.